Materiales metálicos: Revisión del estado del arte

Introduction: Metallic materials have been used for many years, in a diverse range of applications at industrial level, this because they possess excellent physical and mechanical properties. Metallic materials are elements produced through several manufacturing changes, to develop alloys with better properties, such as higher strength and toughness. In the industry, it is important to know the processes that are available for the selection of a better option and optimization in the consumption of the material, thus obtaining an increase in production efficiency. Methodology: This article investigates the advances of metallic materials and their relevance in the current industry, analyzing their chemical and mechanical characteristics, and their influence in diverse applications in their alloys with Iron-Carbon compounds, at low conductivity with different elements in their composition. Results: The importance of keeping informed in this field is highlighted in order to make the best use of the advantages offered by these materials in a competitive industrial environment. It is essential to check previous research and scientific studies for a better understanding of metallic materials, as well as to present examples of industrial applications to highlight their benefits and challenges. Understanding manufacturing processes and the right choice of materials are important elements to improve efficiency and reduce waste. Conclusion: Metallic materials continue to be essential to industry because of their advanced properties and their ability to meet diverse application needs.Introducción: Los materiales metálicos han utilizado durante muchos años, en una diversa gama de aplicaciones a nivel industrial, esto debido a que poseen excelentes propiedades físicas y mecánicas. Los materiales metálicos son elementos producidos mediante varios cambios de manufactura, para desarrollar aleaciones con mejores propiedades, como mayor resistencia y tenacidad. En la industria, es importante conocer los procesos que se encuentran en disposición para la selección de una mejor opción y optimización en el consumo del material, así obteniendo un aumento en la eficiencia de la producción. Metodología: Este artículo indaga los avances de los materiales metálicos y su relevancia en la industria actual, analizando sus características químicas y mecánicas, y su influencia en diversas aplicaciones en sus aleaciones con compuestos de Hierro-Carbono, a bajas conductividad con distintos elementos en su composición. Resultados: Se resalta la importancia de mantenerse informado en este campo para utilizar al máximo las ventajas que ofrecen estos materiales en un entorno industrial competitivo. Es fundamental chequear investigaciones previas y estudios científicos para la mejor comprensión de los materiales metálicos, así como presentar ejemplos de aplicaciones industriales para resaltar sus beneficios y desafíos. El entendimiento de los procesos de manufactura y la elección adecuada de materiales son elementos importantes para mejorar la eficiencia y reducir el desecho de recursos en la producción industrial. Conclusión: los materiales metálicos continúan siendo esenciales para la industria debido a sus propiedades avanzadas y su capacidad para satisfacer diversas necesidades de aplicación. Área de estudio general: ciencia de los materiales, Área de estudio específica: resistencia de los materiales, Tipo de estudio: revisión bibliográfica

␤-Arrestin-and Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis of the AT 1 Angiotensin Receptor

ABSTRACT The major mechanism of agonist-induced internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is ␤-arrestin-and dynamindependent endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles. However, recent reports have suggested that some GPCRs, exemplified by the AT 1 angiotensin receptor expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, are internalized by a ␤-arrestinand dynamin-independent mechanism, and possibly via a clathrin-independent pathway. In this study, agonist-induced endocytosis of the rat AT 1A receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was abolished by clathrin depletion during treatment with hyperosmotic sucrose and was unaffected by inhibition of endocytosis via caveolae with filipin. In addition, internalized fluorescein-conjugated angiotensin II appeared in endosomes, as demonstrated by colocalization with transferrin. Overexpression of ␤-arrestin1(V53D) and ␤-arrestin1(1-349) exerted dominant negative inhibitory effects on the endocytosis of radioiodinated angiotensin II in CHO cells. GTPase-deficient (K44A) mutant forms of dynamin-1 and dynamin-2, and a pleckstrin homology domain-mutant (K535A) dynamin-2 with impaired phosphoinositide binding, also inhibited the endocytosis of AT 1 receptors in CHO cells. Similar results were obtained in COS-7 and HEK 293 cells. Confocal microscopy using fluorescein-conjugated angiotensin II showed that overexpression of dynamin-1(K44A) and dynamin-2(K44A) isoforms likewise inhibited agonist-induced AT 1 receptor endocytosis in CHO cells. Studies on the angiotensin II concentration-dependence of AT 1 receptor endocytosis showed that at higher agonist concentrations its rate constant was reduced and the inhibitory effects of dominant negative dynamin constructs were abolished. These data demonstrate the importance of ␤-arrestin-and dynamin-dependent endocytosis of the AT 1 receptor via clathrin-coated vesicles at physiological angiotensin II concentrations

GraphMineSuite: Enabling High-Performance and Programmable Graph Mining Algorithms with Set Algebra

We propose GraphMineSuite (GMS): the first benchmarking suite for graph mining that facilitates evaluating and constructing high-performance graph mining algorithms. First, GMS comes with a benchmark specification based on extensive literature review, prescribing representative problems, algorithms, and datasets. Second, GMS offers a carefully designed software platform for seamless testing of different fine-grained elements of graph mining algorithms, such as graph representations or algorithm subroutines. The platform includes parallel implementations of more than 40 considered baselines, and it facilitates developing complex and fast mining algorithms. High modularity is possible by harnessing set algebra operations such as set intersection and difference, which enables breaking complex graph mining algorithms into simple building blocks that can be separately experimented with. GMS is supported with a broad concurrency analysis for portability in performance insights, and a novel performance metric to assess the throughput of graph mining algorithms, enabling more insightful evaluation. As use cases, we harness GMS to rapidly redesign and accelerate state-of-the-art baselines of core graph mining problems: degeneracy reordering (by up to >2x), maximal clique listing (by up to >9x), k-clique listing (by 1.1x), and subgraph isomorphism (by up to 2.5x), also obtaining better theoretical performance bounds

Correction to: Two years later: Is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still having an impact on emergency surgery? An international cross-sectional survey among WSES members

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing and a major challenge for health care services worldwide. In the first WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey, a strong negative impact on emergency surgery (ES) had been described already early in the pandemic situation. However, the knowledge is limited about current effects of the pandemic on patient flow through emergency rooms, daily routine and decision making in ES as well as their changes over time during the last two pandemic years. This second WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey investigates the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ES during the course of the pandemic. Methods: A web survey had been distributed to medical specialists in ES during a four-week period from January 2022, investigating the impact of the pandemic on patients and septic diseases both requiring ES, structural problems due to the pandemic and time-to-intervention in ES routine. Results: 367 collaborators from 59 countries responded to the survey. The majority indicated that the pandemic still significantly impacts on treatment and outcome of surgical emergency patients (83.1% and 78.5%, respectively). As reasons, the collaborators reported decreased case load in ES (44.7%), but patients presenting with more prolonged and severe diseases, especially concerning perforated appendicitis (62.1%) and diverticulitis (57.5%). Otherwise, approximately 50% of the participants still observe a delay in time-to-intervention in ES compared with the situation before the pandemic. Relevant causes leading to enlarged time-to-intervention in ES during the pandemic are persistent problems with in-hospital logistics, lacks in medical staff as well as operating room and intensive care capacities during the pandemic. This leads not only to the need for triage or transferring of ES patients to other hospitals, reported by 64.0% and 48.8% of the collaborators, respectively, but also to paradigm shifts in treatment modalities to non-operative approaches reported by 67.3% of the participants, especially in uncomplicated appendicitis, cholecystitis and multiple-recurrent diverticulitis. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still significantly impacts on care and outcome of patients in ES. Well-known problems with in-hospital logistics are not sufficiently resolved by now; however, medical staff shortages and reduced capacities have been dramatically aggravated over last two pandemic years

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Ongoing evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum:exploring the genomic diversity of circulating strains

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), the invasive infection of the sexually transmissible infection (STI) Chlamydia trachomatis, is caused by strains from the LGV biovar, most commonly represented by ompA-genotypes L2b and L2. We investigated the diversity in LGV samples across an international collection over seven years using typing and genome sequencing. LGV-positive samples (n=321) from eight countries collected between 2011 and 2017 (Spain n=97, Netherlands n=67, Switzerland n=64, Australia n=53, Sweden n=37, Hungary n=31, Czechia n=30, Slovenia n=10) were genotyped for pmpH and ompA variants. All were found to contain the 9 bp insertion in the pmpH gene, previously associated with ompA-genotype L2b. However, analysis of the ompA gene shows ompA-genotype L2b (n=83), ompA-genotype L2 (n=180) and several variants of these (n=52; 12 variant types), as well as other/mixed ompA-genotypes (n=6). To elucidate the genomic diversity, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed from selected samples using SureSelect target enrichment, resulting in 42 genomes, covering a diversity of ompA-genotypes and representing most of the countries sampled. A phylogeny of these data clearly shows that these ompA-genotypes derive from an ompA-genotype L2b ancestor, carrying up to eight SNPs per isolate. SNPs within ompA are overrep-resented among genomic changes in these samples, each of which results in an amino acid change in the variable domains of OmpA (major outer membrane protein, MOMP). A reversion to ompA-genotype L2 with the L2b genomic backbone is commonly seen. The wide diversity of ompA-genotypes found in these recent LGV samples indicates that this gene is under immunological selection. Our results suggest that the ompA-genotype L2b genomic backbone is the dominant strain circulating and evolving particularly in men who have sex with men (MSM) populations